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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
space and astronomy
joseph a. angelo, jr.
To the memory of my parents, Rose and Joseph Angelo,
whose sacrifices, love, and dedication to family taught me
what is most important in life and showed me how to see
the hand of God in all things, large and small,
in this beautiful universe.
Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy
Copyright © 2006 by Joseph A. Angelo, Jr.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from
the publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
ISBN-10: 0-8160-5330-8
ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-5330-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Angelo, Joseph A.
Encyclopedia of space and astronomy / Joseph A. Angelo, Jr.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-5330-8 (hardcover)
1. Space astronomy—Encyclopedias. 2. Astronomy—Encyclopedias. I. Title.
QB136.A55 2006
520¢.3—dc222004030800
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities
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Text design by Joan M. Toro
Cover design by Cathy Rincon
Illustrations by Richard Garratt
Printed in the United States of America
VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
C
ONTENTS
Acknowledgments
vi
Introduction
vii
Entries A–Z
1
Feature Essays:
“We Are Made of Stardust”
5
“Moon Bases and the Third Millennium”
36
“The Ballistic Missile—A Revolution In Warfare”
73
“Cape Canaveral: The American Stairway to the Stars”
108
“Hazards of Space Travel”
123
“Switchboards in the Sky”
141
“Will It Rain on My Parade?”
396
“Reaching Beyond the Solar System”
455
“Role of the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG)
in Space Exploration”
486
“Space Technology and National Security”
490
“Space-Age Archaeology”
499
“Space-Age Guardian Angels”
534
“Consequences of Interstellar Contact”
536
“Mariner: The Family of NASA Spacecraft that Changed Our
Understanding of the Inner Solar System”
604
“Cosmic Consequences of Space Exploration”
619
Appendixes:
Appendix I
Further Reading
669
Appendix II
Exploring Cyberspace
670
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